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- #1
- Derivative
- The derivative of the function f(x) is a function f'(x)
- such that f'(a) is the rate of change of f(x) at x = a.
- #2
- Second derivative
- The second derivative f"(x) is the derivative of the
- derivative f'(x). If f" is positive, the curve is
- concave upwards, if negative, it is concave downwards.
- #3
- Graph
- The graph of the function f(x) is the set of points (x,y)
- such that y = f(x). The act of constructing a graph is
- known as "plotting".
- #4
- Point of inflection
- A point at which the graph changes from concave upwards to
- concave downwards, or vice versa.
- If f" exists at the point, then it is equal to 0.
- #5
- Maximum
- The maximum of a function f on an interval is a value f(a)
- such that f(a) >= f(x) for all points x in the interval.
- A continuous f always has a maximum in a closed interval.
- #6
- Minimum
- The minimum of a function f on an interval is a value f(a)
- such that f(a) <= f(x) for all points x in the interval.
- A continuous f always has a minimum in a closed interval.
- #7
- Local maximum
- A value f(a) such that it is a maximum in an interval
- around the point x = a.
- #8
- Local minimum
- A value f(a) such that it is a minimum in an interval
- around the point x = a.
- #9
- Critical point
- A point x = a at which f'(a) = 0. If f' exists then:
- A local max or min is a critical point; the max/min in a
- closed interval occurs at a critical point or an end point.
- #10
- Area under a curve
- The area "under a curve", or more precisely between the
- curve y = f(x) and the x-axis, is taken as positive when
- f(x) > 0, and negative when f(x) < 0.
- #11
- Left rectangles
- An approximation of the area under a curve by rectangles
- whose left upper (or lower if f<0) vertices lie on the
- curve.
- #12
- Right rectangles
- An approximation of the area under a curve by rectangles
- whose right upper (or lower if f<0) vertices lie on the
- curve.
- #13
- Trapezoid rule
- An approximation of the area under a curve by trapezoids
- whose upper (or lower if f<0) vertices lie on the curve.
- This rule averages the Left and Right rectangle answers.
- #14
- Midpoint rule
- An approximation of the area under a curve by rectangles
- whose upper (or lower if f<0) sides have their midpoints
- on the curve.
- #15
- Simpson's rule
- A very good approximation to the area under a curve.
- It may be computed as 2/3 of the Midpoint rule answer
- plus 1/3 of the Trapezoid rule answer.
- #16
- L'Hopital's rule
- To find the limit of f(x)/g(x) as x --> a, when f(a) and
- g(a) are both 0. If f'(a)/g'(a) is well defined, then this
- is the limit. If you again get 0/0, try second derivatives.
- #17
- Parametric curve
- A graph of points (x,y) where y is not defined as a function
- of x, but both x and y are functions of a third variable,
- called a "parameter". Often this is t for time.
- #18
- Tangent to a curve
- The tangent to a curve y = f(x), at x = a, is the line that
- touches (or passes through) the curve at x = a, and that has
- the same slope f'(a) as the curve.
- #19
- Taylor approximation
- A polynomial that gives a very good approximation to a
- function in an interval around a given point.
- We take this point to be x = 0. (See Taylor series.)
- #20
- Taylor series
- An infinite series ("infinitely long polynomial") whose
- value for every x in an interval is equal to f(x).
- A finite segment of the series is a Taylor approximation.
- #21
- Polynomial
- A function formed from x and numbers by addition,
- subtraction and multiplication:
- a + b*x + c*x^2 + ... + d*x^n
- #22
- Differential equation
- An equation involving a function and some its derivatives,
- that may -- with some additional conditions -- determine
- the function.
- #23
- Initial conditions
- Conditions that must be added to a differential equation to
- determine a function. Often these are the values of the
- function and some derivatives at a point. We use x = 0.
- #24
- Plot
- The act of "plotting" is the construction of a graph.
- (See graph.)
- #25
- Limit
- The function f(x) has a limit L as x --> a if
- for any sequence of values of x that approach a,
- f(x) approaches L.
- #26
- Left limit
- The function f(x) has a left limit L as x --> a if
- for any sequence of values of x that approach a from
- the left, f(x) approaches L.
- #27
- Right limit
- The function f(x) has a right limit L as x --> a if
- for any sequence of values of x that approach a from
- the right, f(x) approaches L.
- #28
- Newton's method
- Finds a root of a function f(x).
- From x it follows the tangent to the curve
- of y = f(x) until it intersects the x-axis.
- #29
- Root of an equation
- A value of x that solves the eqaution.
- #30
- Root of a function
- A value of x that solves the equation
- f(x) = 0
-